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Morell, Virginia (1 March 2017). "How pandas got their patches". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). doi: 10.1126/science.aal0840. ISSN 0036-8075. bear cat" or "cat bear" (in Chinese)". 聯合報. 29 December 1987. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2015. Cuvier, F. (1825). "Panda". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Vol.5. Paris: A. Belin. p.LII 1–3.

Kappelhof, J. & Weerman, J. (2020). "The development of the Red panda Ailurus fulgens EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation". International Zoo Yearbook. 54 (1): 102–112. doi: 10.1111/izy.12278. Later and more advanced ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an omnivorous or herbivorous diet. The earliest known true panda is Magerictis from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple crown but also a lengthened crushing surface with developed tooth cusps like later species. [21] Later ailurines include Pristinailurus bristoli which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene [21] [22] and species of the genus Parailurus which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America. [21] [23] These animals are classified as a sister taxon to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp premolars. [21] [22] [24]In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC), as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been termed "panda diplomacy". [123] Wei, F.; Thapa, A.; Hu, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2021). "Red Panda ecology". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.329–351. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. Roka, B.; Jha, A. K. & Chhetri, D. R. (2021). "A study on plant preferences of Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species". Acta Biologica Sibirica. 7: 425–439. doi: 10.3897/abs.7.e71816. S2CID 244942192. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022 . Retrieved 29 January 2022. a b c d Earth's Changing Environment. Learn & Explore. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-61535-339-2. Kong, F.; Zhao, J.; Han, S.; Zeng, B.; Yang, J.; Si, X.; Yang, B.; Yang, M.; Xu, H. & Li, Y. (2014). "Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda ( Ailurus fulgens)". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e87885. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...987885K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087885. PMC 3912123. PMID 24498390.

a b c d Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z. & Hu, J. (1999). "Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas Ailurus fulgens in China". Biological Conservation. 89 (3): 285–291. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6. Sharma, H. R.; Swenson, J. E. & Belant, J. (2014). "Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal". Hystrix. 25 (1): 47–50. doi: 10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033. panda (mammal, Ailurus species) – Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2017. a b c d Swaisgood, R.; Wang, D. & Wei, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. " Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T712A121745669 . Retrieved 15 January 2022. a b Curry, E. (2021). "Reproductive biology of the Red Panda". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.119–138. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3.a b Dudley, Karen (1997). Giant Pandas. Untamed world (Illustrateded.). Weigl Educational Publishers Limited. p.9. ISBN 0-919879-87-X. Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer Sima Xiangru noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital Chang'an (present Xi'an). Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos. [130] Li, R.; Fan, W.; Tian, G.; Zhu, H.; He, L.; Cai, J.; Huang, Q.; Cai, Q.; Li, B.; Bai, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, W.; Li, J.; Wei, F.; Li, H.; Jian, M.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Nielsen, R.; Li, D.; Gu, W.; Yang, Z.; Xuan, Z.; Ryder, O. A.; Leung, F. C. C.; Zhou, Y.; Cao, J.; Sun, X.; etal. (2009). "The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome". Nature. 463 (7279): 311–317. Bibcode: 2010Natur.463..311L. doi: 10.1038/nature08696. PMC 3951497. PMID 20010809. a b Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J. & Mehta, R. S. (2018). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods". Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127–144. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syx047. PMID 28472434.

Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of pregnancies. [102] If twins are born, usually only one survives in the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs since she does not store fat. [103] The father has no part in helping raise the cub.In July 2021, Chinese conservation authorities announced that giant pandas are no longer endangered in the wild following years of conservation efforts, with a population in the wild exceeding 1,800. [148] [149] China has received international praise for its conservation of the species, which has also helped the country establish itself as a leader in endangered species conservation. [150] :8 Biofuel Li, F.; Huang, X. Y.; Zhang, X. C.; Zhao, X. X.; Yang, J. H. & Chan, B. P. L. (2019). "Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11 (11): 14402–14414. doi: 10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414. Su, B.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jin, L. & Chakraborty, R. (2001). "Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (6): 1070–1076. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878. PMID 11371595. Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.9 metres (3feet 11inches to 6feet 3inches) long, including a tail of about 10–15cm (4–6in), and 60 to 90cm (24 to 35in) tall at the shoulder. [37] [38] Males can weigh up to 160kg (350lb). [39] Females (generally 10–20% smaller than males) [40] can weigh as little as 70kg (150lb), but can also weigh up to 125kg (276lb). [9] [37] [41] The average weight for adults is 100 to 115kg (220 to 254lb). [42]