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Narazaki T, Sato K, Abernathy K, Marshall G, Miyazaki N. Sea turtles compensate deflection of heading at the sea surface during directional travel. J Exp Biol. 2009;212(24):4019–26. Hebblewhite M, Haydon DT. Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2010;365(1550):2303–12.

Marcus Rowcliffe J, Carbone C, Kays R, Kranstauber B, Jansen PA. Bias in estimating animal travel distance: the effect of sampling frequency. Methods Ecol Evol. 2012;3(4):653–62. Tabatabaei SAH, Gluhak A, Tafazolli R. A fast calibration method for triaxial magnetometers. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2013;62(11):2929–37. where \({\text{sign}}\left( {{\text{NGb}}_{z} } \right)\) is allocated the value + 1 when \({\text{NGb}}_{z}\) is non-negative and − 1, when \({\text{NGb}}_{z}\) is negative (recovers directionality of \({\text{NGb}}_{z}\), subsequent to the square-root). Taken together then, in R, pitch and roll are computed according to, (R 24:25) with outputs within the range of − 90° to + 90° for pitch and − 180° to + 180° for roll, and this is the formula we use in the tilt-compensated method outlined below (and within Additional file 2). The typical model of the Earth’s shape (standard for maps and satellite navigation), defining a coordinate system that accounts for the oblate spheroid. Yaw McClune DW. Joining the dots: reconstructing 3D environments and movement paths using animal-borne devices. Anim Biotelem. 2018;6(1):5.where \(v\) represents VeDBA, \(D_{x}\), \(D_{y} \;{\text{and}}\;D_{z}\) are the dynamic acceleration values from each axis, themselves obtained by subtracting each axis’ static component of acceleration (cf. Eq. 1, R 1:4) from their raw equivalent (R 37). only a certain amount of vertical space available for the plotting, and not the whole depth of the pile-up Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución & Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET, Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina The authors declare no conflict of interest and are in agreement to submit to Animal Biotelemetry. RMG conceived the study and RMG and RW wrote the initial draft. PH constructed tag housings for all model species used. Data collection for the lions was led by SF, DG, PV, LVS and AB and assisted by CJT, MFB, DMS, SB, MVR, PH and RMG. Data collection for the penguins was led by FQ and data collection for the cormorants was led by AGL, with assistance from KY, TY, and RMG. LB, MDH, RPW and RMG conceptualised the key considerations underlying the R code procedures and associated case-studies, and RMG wrote the Gundog scripts and conducted the analysis of the case-studies. MHT supplied data for the Instantaneous tidal currents of the San Lorenzo region. All authors contributed to manuscript revision and LB, HJW, HME, AGL and LVS contributed to the testing and revision of the R syntax. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author The tilt-compensated compass method is a well-known practice for deriving heading [e.g., 21, 22, 81]. Correct coordinate system axis alignment and suitable calibration of tri-axial magnetometry data [cf. 149] are crucial pre-processors, without which, heading estimates would likely incorporate substantial error [cf. 21, 149]. The tilt-compensated compass method described below (following the framework outlined by Pedley [ 21]), requires the aerospace ( x-North, y-East, z-Down) (right-handed) coordinate system, or ‘NED’ (cf. Additional file 1: Text S2, Fig. S1). We provide examples of axis alignment, outline the importance of transforming between coordinate frames (relative to the Earths fixed frame) and recommend a universal configuration calibration procedure to aid correct axis alignment within Additional file 1: Text S2.

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Here, resultant speed values need to be made absolute (positive). This calculation is only valid when the direction of movement is the same as the direction of the animal’s longitudinal axis (equal pitch assumption) [cf. 47] and thus should only be calculated at times when the animal is travelling ‘ballistically’ (at considerable vertical speed). Gleiss AC, Wilson RP, Shepard ELC. Making overall dynamic body acceleration work: on the theory of acceleration as a proxy for energy expenditure. Methods Ecol Evol. 2011;2(1):23–33. You don’t lose much over the regular GT-R – except having to part with more money. It gives very little, if anything, away to the base car in terms of comfort and everyday usability. The ride is, for a car of this ilk, acceptably pliant. And while the underlying ride might be a bit more unsettled than usual, it’s never harsh.

Scharold J, Lai NC, Lowell W, Graham J. Metabolic rate, heart rate, and tailbeat frequency during sustained swimming in the leopard shark Triakis semifasciata. Exp Biol. 1989;48(4):223–30. Inertial force caused by circular motion because an object is always accelerating when either its direction or magnitude (speed) changes, and in circular motion, the direction changes instantaneously. This can cause the animal to ‘pull g’, such as at times of banking and cornering very fast. Coordinate frameKawabe R, Kawano T, Nakano N, Yamashita N, Hiraishi T, Naito Y. Simultaneous measurement of swimming speed and tail beat activity of free-swimming rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss using an acceleration data-logger. Fish Sci. 2003;69(5):959–65. Whitford M, Klimley AP. An overview of behavioral, physiological, and environmental sensors used in animal biotelemetry and biologging studies. Anim Biotelem. 2019;7(1):1–24. Pedley M. eCompass-build and calibrate a tilt-compensating electronic compass. Circuit Cellar Mag Comput Appl. 2012;265:1–6. The animal moves in the same direction and angle as its anterior–posterior axis (relative to North and the gravity vector, respectively). Georeference Your journey from R beginning through to expert may be challenging at times, but R is one of the most valuable programming languages that you can add to your skillset.