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Cao, Fengmei; Qin, Pan; Lu, Shaoyong; He, Qi; Wu, Fengchang; Sun, Hongwen; Wang, Lei; Li, Linlin (December 2018). "Measurement of volatile organic compounds and associated risk assessments through ingestion and dermal routes in Dongjiang Lake, China". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 165: 645–653. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.108. PMID 30243211. S2CID 52821729. This was a time when a very small country held superpower status over much of the world and fended off its much larger and better-equipped enemies in Spain by controlling other parts of the world. In Dutch, the name of the company was the Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie (abbreviated as the VOC), literally the 'United Dutch Chartered East India Company' (the United East India Company). [12] The company's monogram logo consisted of a large capital 'V' with an O on the left and a C on the right half and was possibly the first globally recognised corporate logo. [13] It appeared on various corporate items, such as cannons and coins. The first letter of the hometown of the chamber conducting the operation was placed on top. The monogram, versatility, flexibility, clarity, simplicity, symmetry, timelessness, and symbolism are considered notable characteristics of the VOC's professionally designed logo. Those elements ensured its success at a time when the concept of the corporate identity was virtually unknown. [13] [14] An Australian vintner has used the VOC logo since the late 20th century, having re-registered the company's name for the purpose. [15]
The exhaled human breath contains a few thousand volatile organic compounds and is used in breath biopsy to serve as a VOC biomarker to test for diseases, [73] such as lung cancer. [79] One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the body." [80] And it appears that VOC compounds in the body "may be either produced by metabolic processes or inhaled/absorbed from exogenous sources" such as environmental tobacco smoke. [79] [81] Chemical fingerprinting and breath analysis of volatile organic compounds has also been demonstrated with chemical sensor arrays, which utilize pattern recognition for detection of component volatile organics in complex mixtures such as breath gas. However, the writing was on the wall. Other companies, like the French East India Company and the Danish East India Company also started to make inroads on the Dutch system. The VOC therefore closed the theretofore flourishing open pepper emporium of Bantam by a treaty of 1684 with the Sultan. Also, on the Coromandel Coast, it moved its chief stronghold from Pulicat to Nagapattinam, so as to secure a monopoly on the pepper trade to the detriment of the French and the Danes. [46] However, the importance of these traditional commodities in the Asian-European trade was diminishing rapidly at the time. The military outlays that the VOC needed to make to enhance its monopoly were not justified by the increased profits of this declining trade. [47] Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the Malabar Coast (hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel the Zamorin of Calicut to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to improve the company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the Zamorin renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this insurrection temporarily, the Zamorin continued to trade with the English and the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic. The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate the Malabar pepper and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence. [48] Eustachius De Lannoy of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja Marthanda Varma of the Indian Kingdom of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel. (Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace)In 1620, diplomatic agreements in Europe ushered in a period of co-operation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade. [30] This ended with a notorious but disputed incident known as the ' Amboyna massacre', where ten Englishmen were arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch government. [33] Although this caused outrage in Europe and a diplomatic crisis, the English quietly withdrew from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Banten) and focused on other Asian interests. The VOC (Dutch East India Company) is crucial in Dutch history. If you’ve lived in the Netherlands for a while, chances are you’ll have heard of it. The presence of VOCs in the air and in groundwater has prompted more studies. Several studies have been performed to measure the effects of dermal absorption of specific VOCs. Dermal exposure to VOCs like formaldehyde and toluene downregulate antimicrobial peptides on the skin like cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2 and 3. [57] Xylene and formaldehyde worsen allergic inflammation in animal models. [58] Toluene also increases the dysregulation of filaggrin: a key protein in dermal regulation. [59] this was confirmed by immunofluorescence to confirm protein loss and western blotting to confirm mRNA loss. These experiments were done on human skin samples. Toluene exposure also decreased the water in the trans-epidermal layer allowing for vulnerability in the skin’s layers. [57] [60] Limit values for VOC emissions [ edit ]
a b Reddy, Manasa; Heidarinejad, Mohammad; Stephens, Brent; Rubinstein, Israel (April 2021). "Adequate indoor air quality in nursing homes: An unmet medical need". Science of the Total Environment. 765: 144273. Bibcode: 2021ScTEn.765n4273R. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144273. PMID 33401060. S2CID 230782257. In 1602, the Dutch government followed suit, sponsoring the creation of a single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted monopoly over the Asian trade. [25] For a time in the seventeenth century, it was able to monopolise the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell these spices across European kingdoms and Emperor Akbar the Great's Mughal Empire at 14–17 times the price it paid in Indonesia; [26] while Dutch profits soared, the local economy of the Spice Islands was destroyed. [ why?] With a capital of 6,440,200 guilders, [27] the new company's charter empowered it to build forts, maintain armies, and conclude treaties with Asian rulers. It provided for a venture that would continue for 21 years, with a financial accounting only at the end of each decade. [24] Through the seventeenth century VOC trading posts were also established in Persia, Bengal, Malacca, Siam, Formosa (now Taiwan), as well as the Malabar and Coromandel coasts in India. Direct access to mainland China came in 1729 when a factory was established in Canton. [38] In 1662, however, Koxinga expelled the Dutch from Taiwan [39] ( see History of Taiwan).Jones, A.P. (1999). "Indoor air quality and health". Atmospheric Environment. 33 (28): 4535–64. Bibcode: 1999AtmEn..33.4535J. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00272-1.
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